RETRACTED AND REPLACED: Real-World Effectiveness of Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir on Coronavirus Disease 2019–Associated Hospitalization Prevention: A Population-based Cohort Study in the Province of Quebec, Canada
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Post-publication record
- Nature
- Retraction
- Reason
- Error in Data;Error in Results and/or Conclusions;Investigation by Journal/Publisher;Retract and Replace;
- Date
- 10/29/2025 0:00
- Flagged by OpenAlex?
- Yes
Source: Retraction Watch, joined by DOI. OpenAlex records retraction as is_retracted, a boolean over a state space with at least four values, so it cannot express an expression of concern, a correction or a reinstatement — it reports them as false, which reads as “fine”.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir has shown to reduce COVID-19 hospitalization and death before Omicron, but updated real-world evidence studies are needed. This study aimed to assess whether nirmatrelvir/ritonavir reduces the risk of COVID-19-associated hospitalization among high-risk outpatients. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of outpatients with SARS-CoV-2 between March 15 and 15 October 2022, using data from the Quebec clinico-administrative databases. Outpatients treated with nirmatrelvir/ritonavir were compared with infected ones not receiving nirmatrelvir/ritonavir using propensity-score matching. Relative risk (RR) of COVID-19-associated hospitalization within 30 days was assessed using a Poisson regression. RESULTS: A total of 8402 treated outpatients were matched to controls. Regardless of vaccination status, nirmatrelvir/ritonavir treatment was associated with a 69% reduced RR of hospitalization (RR: .31; 95% CI: .28; .36; number needed to treat [NNT] = 13). The effect was more pronounced in outpatients with incomplete primary vaccination (RR: .04; 95% CI: .03; .06; NNT = 8), while no benefit was found in those with a complete primary vaccination (RR: .93; 95% CI: .78; 1.08). Subgroups analysis among high-risk outpatients with a complete primary vaccination showed that nirmatrelvir/ritonavir treatment was associated with a significant decrease in the RR of hospitalization in severely immunocompromised outpatients (RR: .66; 95% CI: .50; .89; NNT = 16) and in high-risk outpatients aged ≥70 years (RR: .50; 95% CI: .34; .74; NNT = 10) when the last dose of the vaccine was received at least 6 months ago. CONCLUSIONS: Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir reduces the risk of COVID-19-associated hospitalization among incompletely vaccinated high-risk outpatients and among some subgroups of completely vaccinated high-risk outpatients.
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The record
- Venue
- Clinical Infectious Diseases
- Topic
- SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Field
- Medicine
- Canadian institutions
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-JustineCentre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-MontréalCentre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux du Centre-Sud-de-l'Île-de-MontréalHôpital Maisonneuve-RosemontCentre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-QuébecMontreal Clinical Research InstituteUniversité LavalCentre Hospitalier de l’Université de MontréalThe Quebec Population Health Research NetworkCentre intégré de santé et de services sociaux de Chaudière-AppalachesCentre Intégré de Santé et Services Sociaux de Chaudière-AppalacheUniversité de MontréalInstitut National d'Excellence en Santé et en Services Sociaux
- Funders
- —
- Keywords
- MedicineRitonavirPandemicCohortCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)CoronavirusPopulationSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)Cohort study2019-20 coronavirus outbreakVirologyDiseaseEnvironmental healthHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV)Internal medicineInfectious disease (medical specialty)OutbreakAntiretroviral therapyViral load
- Has abstract in OpenAlex
- yes