Bibliographic record
Abstract
The following is a chronological overview of all the nineteenth, twentieth, and twenty-first century French, German, Spanish and Yiddish borrowings which represent fairly common terms in present-day English.1 The various lexical items are presented according to word-classes.The list also includes borrowings from regional or national varieties (e.g.Canadian French, regional Austrian German, Mexican Spanish, etc), borrowings which are originally and mainly used in AmE, words of Yiddish origin originally or mostly confined to Jewish usage, as well as foreign-language items which are chiefly documented in colloquial English or slang.In the present appendix, the following symbols (placed after a borrowings's earliest recorded usage) are used to identify the different types: * borrowings from national or regional varieties ∞ borrowings originally or chiefly used in AmE ■ borrowings initially or mostly confined to Jewish usage ◇ borrowings which mainly occur in colloquial usage or slang The Chronological Distribution of French Borrowings Since 1801The following list provides an overview of the chronological distribution of French borrowings which were adopted into English since 1801.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.013 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.878 | 0.685 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".