Assessing the Effects of ASEAN Liberalised Electricity Markets: The Case of Singapore and the Philippines
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) electricity market is being liberalised in some regional countries. This step of opening electricity markets is aimed at establishing a competitive and efficient environment that not only reduces electricity prices and CO2 emissions from electricity generation but also promotes the wider use of renewable energy resources. This paper examines the effects of liberalisation on these expected outcomes in the electricity markets of Singapore and the Philippines during 2015–2020. The regression analysis results show that, in the specified period, liberalisation of the electricity market in Singapore has delivered price reductions and improvement in renewable energy share. However, there is no significant effect of liberalisation on the reduction of CO2 emissions from the generation of electricity. The results also imply that, with the electricity market liberalisation in the Philippines, prices for household consumers and CO2 emissions have increased. Also, the liberalisation has no significant impact on renewable energy share and industry electricity prices in the Philippines. To avoid the mixed results and strike a balance between expected outcomes, policy recommendations are given for ASEAN economies following the pathway of liberalised electricity markets.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".