Solar cell of Sb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:CuO/Si prepared via thermal evaporation technique: structural, morphological properties and efficiency
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Antimonous oxide (Sb2O3) has intriguing physical and chemical features that make it useful in various device applications, including solar cells. Nanofilms of Sb2O3:0.02 wt.% CuO were prepared onto glass and silicon substrates etched by laser using a thermal evaporation process in a vacuum, with different thicknesses of about 20, 30, and 40 nm. The deposited nanofilms have no distinguishing peaks in XRD analysis. The broadening of peak shows due to the absence of long-range symmetry; as a result, the nanocrystalline structure is disorganized. Scanning electron microscope analysis of the surface morphology of the formed nanofilms showed to be spread out uniformly and were devoid of islands and voids. The particles were all about the same size, and the new structures were created with a thickness of 40 nm. Atomic force microscopy scanning images showed the nanofilms’ homogeneous surface morphology with granular shape. As nanofilm thickness increased, so did average roughness, root mean square value, and grain diameter. Optical characteristics revealed a reduction in the transmittance spectrum with increasing thicknesses. Instead, the optical energy gap ([Formula: see text]) was decreased by quantum confinement from 3.56 to 3.48 eV. The electrical properties of the nanofilms were analyzed, and it was found that all were n-type and that mobility (µ) decreased with nanofilm thickness. As shown by the I– V characteristics, the solar cell’s conversion efficiency increases to 6.373% at power = 100 mW/cm2 with 0.138 filling factor, 4 V of open circuit voltage, and 2.6 mA of short circuit .
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".