Circulation of Multiple Serotypes of Enterovirus Causing Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD): An Emerging Infection in Andaman Islands, India
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Summary\n\nPresent communication is intended to document the outbreak of the disease caused by enterovirus serotypes in these remote islands and children health care.\n\nAbstract\n\nHand foot mouth disease is a viral infection seen in worldwide. It has never been reported in Andaman and Nicobar archipelago till 2010. Present communication notifies the outbreak occurred in 2010 and the cases reported during 2011 in these islands demonstrates that, CVA16 and CVA6 may be emerging as a primary cause of HFMD. Though HFMD is a self-limiting disease in children, usually more severe cases with HFMD requiring hospitalization and less severe which can subside within 6 days without any treatment. However, the circulation of different virus strains and gives an alarm to the health authorities/public needs special attention to control the disease.\n\nIntroduction\n\nHand, Foot, And Mouth Disease (HFMD) is a common febrile illness of early childhood, characterized by 3-4 days of fever and the development of vesicular enanthem on the buccal mucosa, gums, palate and papulovesicularexanthem on the hands, feet, and buttocks [1]. Coxsackievirus A16 (CA16) and enterovirus 71 are the two major causative agents and Coxsackievirus A4, A5, A6,A8, A10, B3, B7 are usually associated with minor etiologies [2,3]. It was first reported in Toronto in 1957 [4]. As per the data from Infectious Agents Surveillance Report, CVA6 was detected in 709 HFMD cases and 156 herpangina cases throughout Japan [5].\n\nIn 2008, HFMD was declared a type C legally notifiable communicable disease in China [6]. Previous studies showed that the HFMD was predominantly occurred in children under 5 years old, especially those less than 3 years old. Most adults presented with subclinical infection when exposed to EV71 or CAV16, and then developed protective antibodies, which can transplacentally pass to newborns [7].\n\nIn India there was a largest outbreak of HFMD occurred in 2007 in the eastern part of the country in West Bengal,38 cases of HFMD noticed in and around Kolkata [8]. There is no past record of HFMD cases in Andaman & Nicobar Islands till the year 2010.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".