Leopards living at the farmland‐protected area interface prefer wild prey but consume high biomass of livestock
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In much of southern Africa, the leopard (Panthera pardus) is the last remaining large carnivore outside protected areas. We collected leopard scat (n = 82) opportunistically to determine the diet of leopards on small livestock farms and an adjacent national park in semi‐arid Namaqualand, South Africa. We quantified prey availability using camera traps (n = 163 stations) in an 810 km2grid. Leopards strongly preferred (D > 0.5) rock hyrax (Procavia capensis), red hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus) and klipspringer (Oreotragus oreotragus), but goats (Capra hircus) were consumed in highest biomass. Conservation strategies to decrease livestock losses and minimise leopard persecution are needed in Namaqualand and more broadly on livestock farmland neighbouring‐protected areas.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".