Independent Control of Particle Temperature and Velocity Using a Novel Powder Preheater Design for Low Pressure Cold Spray
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In high-pressure cold spray, the enthalpy of the particle carrier gas has a significant effect on the propellant gas conditions and ultimately on particle impact velocities and temperatures. Through modelling and experimentation, the current work demonstrates that in low-pressure cold spray, the particle carrier gas enthalpy has a minimal effect on the particle velocity and is rather limited to affecting the particle impact temperature. Consequently, particle impact temperature can be controlled independently from impact velocity. This is a valuable tool when dealing with temperature sensitive substrates: low propellant temperatures can be used in combination with high particle temperatures enabling particle deformation while minimizing substrate heat input. Particle preheating was used to inject pure aluminum particles in a commercial low-pressure cold spray to temperatures up to 500°C. This was accomplished without clogging because of the development of a novel particle preheater, which eliminated the particles exposure to hot metal surfaces. Even after substantial spray time, no evidence of wear or clogging was found. The particle preheating resulted in a deposition efficiency increase of 3.6 times when compared to the injection of room temperature particles.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".