A Preliminary Study of the Relationships Between Echotextural Characteristics of the Mammary Gland and Chemical Composition of Milk During Early Lactation in EWES
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This study aimed to examine the ultrasonographic characteristics of the mammary gland in post-partum ewes (1 to 4 weeks after lambing) of varying genotypes for correlations with the chemical composition of milk. Ultrasonograms of mammary glands in coronal (C) and sagittal (S) planes were obtained using 5.0- and 7.5-MHz transducers from four polish mountain (PMt) and six Olkuska (Olk) ewes. Computerized image analyses of all images have been performed to determine pixel intensity (numerical pixel values – NPV) and heterogeneity (pixel standard deviation – PSD) of the mammary gland stroma/parenchyma. In PMT ewes examined with the 5.0-MHz probe, the mean NPV-C correlated negatively with C17:0 (margaric acid) and C17:1 C10 (heptadecenoic acid). Furthermore, NPV-s correlated negatively with C17:0 content of milk. In PMT ewes examined with the 7.5-MHz transducer, the mean NPV-S correlated positively with the crude fat and total solids, and negatively with C18:3 c9, C12, C15 (N-3) (α-linoleic acid) content of milk samples, while PSD-S correlated positively with C16:0 (palmitic acid) and negatively with lactose. In the scans obtained with the 5.0-MHz in olk sheep, the mean NPV-C was directly related to C10:1 (decanoic acid), C14:1 (myristoleic acid), C16:1 iso (iso-hexadecanoic acid), C16:1 C9 (palmitoleic acid), and c18:0 (stearic acid) content; the mean psd-c correlated positively with total solids, c14:1, C15:0, C16:0, C16:1 iso, C16:1 C9, ClA (conjugated linoleic acids), and total saturated fatty acid content, and negatively with C18:1 C11 (N-7) (cis-vaccenic acid), C18:2 C9, C12 (n-6) (linoleic acid), and total polyunsaturated fatty acid content of milk; and the mean psd-s correlated directly with ash and total saturated fatty acid content of the milk. Lastly, the mean NPV-C of images recorded with the 7.5-MHz probe in olk ewes related directly to ash and C12:0 (lauric acid); the mean NPV-S related directly to ash and C16:1 iso; the mean PSD-C correlated positively with ash and total saturated fatty acid (SFA) content, and the mean PSD-S correlated positively with the total SFA. Echotextural attributes of the mammary gland in ewes have the makings of the technique for determining milk content of certain chemical constituents in a breed-specific manner; however, further studies are needed to verify the usefulness of echotextural analyses of the udder to consistently predict complete milk composition.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".