Psychiatric comorbidities in patients suffering from systemic lupus erythematosus admitted to a tertiary care hospital in Northern India
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease with multiorgan involvement presenting with a myriad of symptoms, including neuropsychiatric symptoms. Although many studies have evaluated screening questionnaires based psychiatric morbidity, very few studies have used contemporary diagnostic criteria. Objective This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in patients with SLE admitted to a tertiary care hospital. Methods A total of 79 patients diagnosed with SLE for at least for 1 year, who were not in delirium were assessed by a qualified psychiatrist for psychiatric morbidity as per the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10) criteria. Additionally, these patients were assessed on Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) item version, Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15) item version, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 item scale and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Results 51% ( n = 40) of the participants were diagnosed with a psychiatric diagnosis, with depressive disorders being the most common, seen in 36.7% ( n = 29) of the participants. Additionally, 10% ( n = 8) participants were diagnosed with adjustment disorder and 2.5% ( n = 2) were diagnosed with anxiety (not otherwise specified). Only one patient was diagnosed with organic psychosis. On PHQ-9, 39.8% ( n = 33) were diagnosed with depression. 44.3% ( n = 35) expressed death wishes and/or suicidal ideations. On PHQ-15, 17.7% ( n = 14) of the participants scored for severe somatic distress (score >15). On GAD-7, 55.7% ( n = 44) screened positive for anxiety symptoms, but only 7.6% ( n = ) had a score of 15 or more to indicate severe anxiety. Nearly half ( n = 43; 52%) of the participants also had cognitive impairment as assessed on MoCA, with 13.3% ( n = 11) of the participants having scores indicating severe dementia. Conclusions Patients with SLE have a high prevalence of psychiatric comorbidities and should be routinely screened for psychiatric morbidity. They should be appropriately treated, to improve the overall treatment outcomes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".