Minangkabaunese Tradition of Out-Migration (Merantau) in Indonesia: Hamka’s Novels on Reality
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The study aims at identifying and describing the phenomena of out-migration (merantau) conducted by the Minangkabaunese in Hamka’s novels Tenggelamnya Kapal van der Wijck and Merantau ke Deli as a reflection of reality. Etymologically, the word merantau does not simply mean migration; it is a concept with cultural values and norms and having no equivalent meaning in another language. The research holistically is done by means of descriptive qualitative research method on consideration that the discussions and the analysis are concerned with societal portraits which are to be revealed to improve the thinking horizon of the public about out-migration (merantau). The data are taken from the novels supported by the research instrument in the form of interview. The results show that merantau has become a cultural heritage for the Minangkabaunese caused by economic, social and cultural factors. The major characters in the novels experience financial difficulties as the space to find decent work is very limited in their hometown. The paradigm that every man has to do out-migration (merantau) has become social and cultural factors signifying their matrilineal system and in order to get a bright future they have to be well educated while proper education is not yet available in their place. Therefore, the summing up of the goals of out-migration (merantau) is to gain knowledge, experience, social status, prosperity as well as to conduct a cultural mission.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.009 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".