Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Manuel Castells’ work from the 1960s and early 1970s on urban social movements was both seminal and transitional. While most social movement research adopted a class-based theoretical perspective focusing on the working and middle classes, Castells’ work looked at how economically and politically marginalized urban residents mobilized based on where they lived, surprisingly independently of their social class. This reflected how Latin America’s unique capitalist economy distorted the evolution of class struggle. Castell therefore retained a Marxist theoretical perspective that postulated the necessity of an anti-capitalist revolution to achieve social equality and meaningful democracy—a revolution that would be led urban residents rather than the working class. Because Castell’s research largely ended before the region became dominated by violent authoritarian regimes, it was transitional. In the 1980s and 1990s, the legacy of violence and neoliberal economic reforms associated with those regimes contributed to the emergence of a growing number of urban social movements and a focus on democratic politics and citizenship rights associated with a new model of citizenship in the region: citizenship as agency. The region’s commitment to relatively free and fair elections based on universal suffrage creates a unique opportunity for the mobilization of urban social movements demanding improved collective consumption, respect for community culture and political self‐governance that urban social movements champion—the definition of urban social movements developed by Castells in his seminal work. The chapter ends with a discussion of the lack of resilience of these movements in the twenty-first century and future research priorities.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.008 | 0.022 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.010 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".