Comparative Analysis of Bone Ingrowth in 3D-Printed Titanium Lattice Structures with Different Patterns
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this study, metal 3D printing technology was used to create lattice-shaped test specimens of orthopedic implants to determine the effect of different lattice shapes on bone ingrowth. Six different lattice shapes were used: gyroid, cube, cylinder, tetrahedron, double pyramid, and Voronoi. The lattice-structured implants were produced from Ti6Al4V alloy using direct metal laser sintering 3D printing technology with an EOS M290 printer. The implants were implanted into the femoral condyles of sheep, and the animals were euthanized 8 and 12 weeks after surgery. To determine the degree of bone ingrowth for different lattice-shaped implants, mechanical, histological, and image processing tests on ground samples and optical microscopic images were performed. In the mechanical test, the force required to compress the different lattice-shaped implants and the force required for a solid implant were compared, and significant differences were found in several instances. Statistically evaluating the results of our image processing algorithm, it was found that the digitally segmented areas clearly consisted of ingrown bone tissue; this finding is also supported by the results of classical histological processing. Our main goal was realized, so the bone ingrowth efficiencies of the six lattice shapes were ranked. It was found that the gyroid, double pyramid, and cube-shaped lattice implants had the highest degree of bone tissue growth per unit time. This ranking of the three lattice shapes remained the same at both 8 and 12 weeks after euthanasia. In accordance with the study, as a side project, a new image processing algorithm was developed that proved suitable for determining the degree of bone ingrowth in lattice implants from optical microscopic images. Along with the cube lattice shape, whose high bone ingrowth values have been previously reported in many studies, it was found that the gyroid and double pyramid lattice shapes produced similarly good results.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".