What is the PhORCAS(t) for international and refugee student pharmacists applying to ASHP-accredited residency programs?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The landscape of the pharmacy profession’s demographics has evolved with the emergence of a more diverse workforce including international graduates, refugees, and asylee students and pharmacists. International graduates are defined as clinicians who have obtained their medical degree or residency training outside of the US or Canada.1 Refugees and asylee individuals include those who were forced to leave their home countries due to war, persecution, or natural disasters.1 Each of these groups is distinct from the others and may face different barriers to pursuing American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP)–accredited pharmacy residency training in the US after graduating from an Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE)–accredited pharmacy school either inside or outside of the US. Most pharmacy schools accept international students in some capacity (Table 1).2 Additionally, most pharmacy schools utilize PharmCAS as a centralized application portal to apply to doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) degree programs. International graduates of ACPE-accredited pharmacy schools are eligible to apply for ASHP-accredited residency programs3; however, the onboarding process for these candidates may require visa sponsorship or additional paperwork from hiring institutions prior to starting a residency program. Furthermore, the ASHP and American College of Clinical Pharmacy (ACCP) residency directories do not explicitly name programs that accept or consider international pharmacy graduates (IPGs).4,5 Some residency programs may choose to list this information on their program website, but it is not required, in contrast to the PharmCAS website, which lists citizenship eligibility requirements for admission to colleges of pharmacy.2 Refugee and asylee candidates have authorization to work in the US; however, the pharmacy residency application does not capture their immigration status, which can lead to discrepancies in an application and can lead to program directors questioning if they are eligible for employment in the US. Each year, approximately 14,300 student pharmacists graduate from ACPE-accredited programs, but the number of international, refugee, and asylee PharmD graduates among this group is not known.6 These individuals experience additional barriers to pursuing and matching with an ASHP-accredited pharmacy residency program.7
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".