Analysis of gas product changes during pyrolysis of oily sludge based on density functional theory calculation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Oily sludge is a kind of harmful solid waste produced by the petroleum industry. It is the key point of research to understand the mechanism of gas product changes during the pyrolysis process. This study combined density functional theory (DFT) calculation with a pyrolysis experiment to explore the changes in pyrolytic gas products from oily sludge. The results of thermogravimetric–mass spectrometry (TG–MS) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) showed that the gas products below 400°C were dominated by long‐chain hydrocarbons, but with the increase of the treatment temperature, the long‐chain hydrocarbons will decrease. The results of kinetics and thermodynamics showed that there were five stages of pyrolysis of oily sludge, and the values of E, ΔH, and ΔG were increased with the increase of pyrolysis temperature. The DFT calculation revealed that there were delocalized π‐electrons at the fracture‐prone sites, and the electrons on the functional groups of the molecule were more easily excited. The results can provide ideas for the pyrolysis mechanism of oily sludge and theoretical support for the optimization of the pyrolysis process.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".