Visualized direct shear test of the interface between gravelly sand and concrete pipe
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The shear stress–shear displacement relationship and shear strength parameters of the interface between the pipe and the surrounding soil are important for designing the jacking force. One most commonly used method to measure the shear strength of the pipe–soil interface is the direct shear test. This paper presents the results of a series of direct shear tests conducted in the laboratory on the pipe–soil interfaces for different moisture contents. Simultaneously, digital image correlation is used to supplement the research of the horizontal displacement field of the interface. The results show that the increase of normal stress will makes the interface more prone to strain hardening during the shearing process, and the influence of the change of specimen moisture content on the interface strain characteristics gradually weakens. The shearing process of the specimen mainly involved shearing contraction, and slight shear dilation occurs only when the moisture content is small. We proposed a unified model for describing the shear volumetric change caused by the combined action of moisture content and normal stress. The shear displacement field presents a layered distribution, which is related to the shear displacement corresponding to the shear stress.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".