Multiracial Identities and the Consolidation and Subversion of Racialized French Colonial Rule in French West Africa and French Equatorial Africa, ca. 1900–1930
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Chapter 1 surveys contested meanings and experiences of multiraciality in French West and Equatorial Africa, with a focus on childhood and citizenship, from the late nineteenth century to the interwar years circa 1930 – years marked by the expansion and consolidation of colonial rule. Two tropes – métis as child and métis as French citizen – influenced how métis and their maternal communities and French society grappled with the meaning of multiraciality. French colonial personnel, missionaries, settlers, jurists, and government officials in metropolitan France debated the meaning of "métis" and their social and legal status, as well as what resources should be provided for their upbringing and education by the French state and Catholic Church. People who described themselves (or children across French Africa) as métis used the term to assert their belonging and rights to French society, despite the colonial state highlighting their difference. In claiming to be French, métis individuals and kin articulated porous conceptions of race, culture, and legal status, even as the French tried to centralize colonial rule around rigid boundaries of race and culture, black and white, citizen and native.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.008 | 0.008 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".