Effect of yaw angle on aerodynamics of square inclined flat plates in ground effect
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Aerodynamics of finite-span inclined square flat plates is experimentally investigated at a chord-based Reynolds number of 50 000 in ground effect. The minimum ground height is varied between gap ratios of 0.1 to 1.0 in chord lengths. All components of forces and moments are measured using a load cell for yaw angles between 0° and 180° at an angle of attack of 30°. In addition, surface flow visualization and planar, three-component particle image velocimetry are used to relate the main trends in structural loadings to changes in flow development. The results show that ground effect is significantly modified by yaw angle. As the gap ratio is decreased, a relatively invariant suction side flow and moderate increase in total force and moment driven by ram effect are observed for yaw angles less than 90°. Between yaw angles of 90° and 120°, the suction side flow is also insensitive to gap ratio variations, however, the loading is constant due to absence of ram effect. The suction side sting placement resulted in notable sting effect on both loading and flow for yaw angles between 120° and 150°, obfuscating the impact of ground proximity. For yaw angles above 150°, the onset of stall with decreasing gap ratio leads to a decrease in total loading, with the effect becoming more pronounced at higher yaw angles. These results may be utilized to drive targeted designs of photovoltaic support structures based on site surveys of wind direction and ground clearances.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".