Investigating the effect of bentonite compaction density and environmental conditions on the corrosion of copper materials
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The proposed long‐term management plan for used nuclear fuel is to isolate it within a multiple‐barrier system underground in a deep geological repository (DGR). In the Canadian design, used fuel bundles will be sealed in copper‐coated carbon steel used fuel containers, encased in blocks of bentonite clay, emplaced approximately 500–800 m below ground, and surrounded by a bentonite gapfill material. A laboratory experimental campaign has been undertaken to demonstrate the integrity of the multiple‐barrier system. DGR‐relevant copper materials were embedded in bentonite clay, compacted to various densities, and sealed into a hermetic pressure vessel pressurized with demineralized water. Experiments explored the influence of bentonite compaction in the range of 1100–1600 kg/m 3 on copper corrosion over durations of 1–18 months. Postexposure analysis of the copper coupons showed nonhomogeneous corrosion, with corrosion products composed of Cu 2 O, with some Cu 2 S. The average corrosion rates decreased as a function of time and increasing bentonite compaction density. In general, we observed that higher bentonite compaction density suppressed the corrosion of embedded copper.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".