Behavioural Responses to Ultrasound Antifouling Systems by Adult Solitary Ascidians
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ultrasonic antifouling devices are installed globally on a variety of vessel types and are marketed as an environmentally friendly method for biofouling control. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of ultrasound on adults of three species of common solitary ascidians (Ciona intestinalis, Ascidiella aspersa and Styela plicata). After a brief (10 s) exposure to two ultrasound frequencies (30 and 35 kHz), alterations in the frequency of siphon closing events and the length of time the siphons remained closed/open were observed. The results revealed that ascidians are able to perceive ultrasound, showing frequency-dependent behavioural responses that vary depending on the species and size of individuals involving both tactile receptors and an acoustic system homologous to the vertebrate inner ear. Continuous (5 h) 30 kHz exposure caused other types of responses, the most interesting of which was the long-term opening of the oral siphon, indicating a lack of reactivity to mechanical stimuli. This effect suggests a stress condition that could lead to increased vulnerability to predators and filter-feeding impairment. Therefore, knowledge of the acoustic sensitivity of sessile marine species appears to be essential for better understanding the potential effects of noise pollution on marine ecosystems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".