Axial pullout behaviour of fusible PVC pipes and fusion weld joints assessed using distributed fibre optic sensors
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Pipes are subjected to axial pulling forces that lead to shear stresses at the soil–pipe interface and axial strain distributions from various circumstances, including pulled-in-place pipe installation and permanent ground deformations. This study investigates the axial pullout response of fusible polyvinyl chloride pipes in dense sand. Three tests were conducted using a large-scale soil chamber to assess the development of axial resistance and the impact of non-continuous pulling and fusion weld joints. The measured maximum load response was significantly underpredicted by guidelines typically used in practice. Additionally, non-continuous pulling and changes to the pull rate had negligible impacts on the load–displacement response. Pipes were instrumented with distributed fibre optic sensors (DFOS) to capture the nonlinear development of strains along these flexible pipes and the mobilization of soil friction along the soil–pipe interface. Measurements have provided insight into the propagation of axial strains along the pipe, the additional longitudinal restraint provided by fusion weld joints, and their impact on the axial force distribution along pipes. The “locked-in” strains due to residual soil–pipe friction remaining after the axial pulling force is removed have also been measured using DFOS.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".