Bibliographic record
Abstract
This chapter explores how jurisdiction under Article 234 may be used by Arctic coastal States at a time marked by significant change. Warming temperatures reshape the physical and ecological environment of the Arctic, making it more hospitable to shipping, but also more vulnerable to its threats. The Polar Code, adopted as the international response to increasing polar shipping and growing awareness of its detrimental impacts, alters the legal environment by providing the first binding international regulations tailor-made for navigation in polar waters. This chapter sets out to investigate the legal implications of these changes for coastal State regulation under Article 234 with a particular focus on Canada. It starts by tracing Canada’s history of regulating shipping in its Arctic waters with the objective to understand how the consequences of this politically fraught endeavour still reverberate today. The chapter then turns to examine the geographical and material scope of jurisdiction under Article 234 against the background of present-day imperatives, before critically assessing Canada’s strategy to subject navigation in its Arctic waters to a single set of rules. The chapter closes by summarizing the main conclusions, which may hold lessons for future regulatory action.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.012 | 0.010 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".