The Prevalence of Dry Eye Syndrome in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients in Saudi Arabia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
STUDY AIM: The purpose of this study is to identify the prevalence of dry eye syndrome among Rheumatoid Arthritis patients in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. METHODS: This is a cross sectional study which includes 268 Rheumatoid Arthritis patients from Rheumatology Outpatient Clinic at King Khalid University Hospital in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Data collection was obtained through McMonnies questionnaire, which is used for dry eye syndrome screening. Data analysis included descriptive statistics computed for continuous variables, including means, standard deviation, minimum and maximum values, as well as 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: Out of 268 Rheumatoid Arthritis patients, 79.9% were females and 20.1% were males, as Rheumatoid Arthritis is more common in females. Among females, a majority lied above the age of 45 with a percentage of 70.6%. Among our cohort, 59.3% (95% CI: 53.3–65) of Rheumatoid Arthritis patients had dry eye syndrome with 12.6% males and 87.4% females. The prevalence of dry eye syndrome was significantly associated with the duration of diagnosis of Rheumatoid Arthritis as 66.7% of patients who are diagnosed for more than 10 years had dry eye syndrome. CONCLUSION: In our cohort, 59.3% of patients had dry eye syndrome and 47.4% of them were aged above 45 years and 11.9% were between 25-45 years old. Females were more commonly affected with dry eye syndrome with a percentage of 87.4%. Therefore, screening for Dry Eye Syndrome in RA patients has a significant clinical value.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".