FPGA Model of Multi-Active-Bridge-Based Cascaded Solid-State Transformer for Real-Time HIL Tests
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents a method for modeling and real-time (RT) hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation of the multi-active bridge (MAB)-based cascaded solid-state transformer (SST). These types of circuits are challenging for the realm of RT HIL simulation testing due to their high switching frequency, large circuit size, and the high number of switches. The proposed method uses an equivalent circuit and switching function approach to model MAB-based SST. The model is implemented on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) and achieves time steps ranging from 130 ns to 370 ns, depending on the circuit size and allows switching frequencies ranging up to 150 kHz. To demonstrate the effectiveness and performance of the model, a multi-rate HIL RT test bench is developed. A 3-phase three-stage ac-ac system including 100 kHz 5-winding MABs is considered as a case study. To test both HIL and rapid control prototyping simulation, the plant and controller run on two independent real-time simulators, and fiber optic cables are established to exchange measurements and gating pulses. The developed test bench showed high model fidelity and real-time performance in various circuit conditions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".