One-pot biogenic synthesis of C. limon/TiO2 with dual applications as an advance photocatalyst and antimicrobial agent
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The present study portrays a facile, cost-effective, and environmentally benign way for the preparation of TiO 2 nanoparticles utilizing C. limon extract, which possesses phytochemicals as reducing and stabilizing agents. Structural characterization by XRD reveals that C. limon /TiO 2 NPs exhibit anatase-type tetragonal crystallinity. An average crystallite-size is calculated using Debye Scherrer's method (3.79 nm), Williamson–Hall plot (3.60 nm), and Modified Debye Scherrer plot (3.68 nm), which are very closely intercorrelated. The absorption peak at 274 nm (UV–visible spectrum) corresponds to the bandgap (E g ) value of 3.8 eV. The existence of different phytochemicals containing organic groups like N–H, C=O, and O–H, has been elucidated from FTIR along with Ti–O bond stretching at wavenumber 780 cm −1 . Micro-structural investigations of TiO 2 NPs using FESEM and TEM display different geometrical configurations involving spherical, pentagonal, hexagonal, heptagonal and capsule-like structures. BET and BJH analysis show mesoporous characteristics of synthesized nanoparticles with specific surface-area (97.6 m 2 g −1 ), pore-volume (0.018322 cm 3 g −1 ), and mean pore-diameter (∼7.5 nm) values. In adsorption studies, the influence of reaction parameters, i.e., catalyst dosage and contact-time, for removal of Reactive Green dye is explored along with Langmuir and Freundlich models. The highest adsorption capability is ∼219 mg g −1 for green dye. TiO 2 displays an excellent photocatalytic efficiency of ∼96% towards the degradation of reactive green dye within 180 min and excellent reusable performance. C. limon /TiO 2 is found to have an outstanding performance with a quantum yield value of 4.68 × 10 −5 molecules photon −1 for Reactive Green dye degradation. Additionally, synthesized nanoparticles have exhibited antimicrobial activity against gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus ) and gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa ( P. aeruginosa ) bacteria.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".