Interface Modification by Ionic Liquid for Efficient and Stable FAPbI3 Perovskite Solar Cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI 3 ) perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted significant attention owing to their outstanding optoelectronic properties, but long-term device stability is still a crucial issue related to FAPbI 3 PSCs. FAPbI 3 undergoes phase transition from black perovskite phase to yellow non-perovskite phase at room temperature, and moisture triggers this phase transition. One of the most widely used methods to improve the stability of PSCs is interface engineering. Being green functional solvents, ionic liquids (ILs) have been regarded as potential alternatives to toxic interface modifiers, thereby increasing their commercial viability and accelerating their adoption in the renewable energy market. In this study, an IL, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (EMIM[BF 4 ]) was used to modify the interface between the electron transport layer and perovskite layer due to its low volatility, low toxicity, high conductivity, and high thermal stability . The introduction of IL not only reduces interface defects but also improves perovskite film quality. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that there is a strong interface interaction between the IL and perovskite surface that is beneficial to decrease the density of defect states of the perovskite surface and stabilize the perovskite lattice. Apart from the defects in the perovskite film, solutionprocessed SnO 2 also suffers from surface imperfections. Defects on the SnO 2 surface generate defect states, which cause band alignment issues and stability issues. DFT calculations show that the surface gap states with IL are smaller than those without IL. Such weakened surface gap states indicate reduced carrier recombination at the surface region, which improves the device performance. Consequently, we achieved a power conversion efficiency exceeding 22% for the IL-modified FAPbI 3 PSCs (control ~21%). After storing for over 1800 h in a dry box (relative humidity (RH) ~20%), the champion device retained ~90% of its initial efficiency, while the control devices degraded into non-perovskite yellow hexagonal phase (δ-FAPbI 3 ). Download: Download high-res image (63KB) Download: Download full-size image
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".