The Programming Effect of Plant-Based DHA, Along with Equivalent AA, on Immune System and Oral Tolerance Development in Six-Week Allergy Prone BALB/c Pups
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA) on oral tolerance (OT) development in allergy-prone infants is less known. OBJECTIVES: We aim to determine the effects of early life DHA supplementation (1% of total fat, from novel canola oil), along with AA, on OT toward ovalbumin (ova, egg protein) in allergy-prone BALB/c pups at 6-wk. METHODS: Breastfeeding dams (n ≥ 10/diet) were fed DHA+AA (1% DHA, 1% AA wt/wt of total fat) or control (0% DHA, 0% AA) suckling period diet (SPD) during which pups consumed dam's milk. At 3-wk, pups from each SPD group were assigned to either the control or DHA+AA weaning diet. For OT, pups from each diet group were either orally fed ova or placebo daily from 21-25 d. Systemic immunization to ova was induced through intraperitoneal injections before euthanizing 6-wk pups. Ova-specific immunoglobulin (ova-Ig) and splenocytes ex-vivo cytokine response to different stimuli were analyzed using a 3-factor analysis of variance. RESULTS: OT-induced suppression was seen in ova-stimulated splenocyte ex-vivo response, where ova-tolerized pups showed significantly lower total immunoglobulin (Ig)G, IgG1, interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-6 production than sucrose (placebo) pups. DHA+AA SPD was associated with 3 times lower plasma concentrations of ova-IgE (P = 0.03) than controls. DHA+AA weaning diet resulted in lower T helper type-2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-6) with ova stimulation than controls, which may benefit OT. DHA+AA SPD resulted in significantly higher T cell cytokine response [IL-2, interferon-gamma, (IFNγ) and IL-1β] to anti-CD3/CD28 stimulation than controls. The splenocytes stimulated with lipopolysaccharide produced lower inflammatory cytokines (IFNγ, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-6, and C-X-C motif ligand 1), which may be because of lower CD11b+CD68+ splenocytes proportion in pups from DHA+AA SPD than control (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: DHA and AA in early life may influence OT in allergy-prone BALB/c mouse offspring, as they effectively promote T helper type-1 immune responses.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".