Synergism of a mixture of phosphine and carbon dioxide in fumigation against bean weevils
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The study is devoted to searching for alternatives to methyl bromide – a universal fumigant restricted in use at the request of the Montreal Protocol. Purpose: to determine the synergy of a mixture of phosphine and carbon dioxide in their various concentrations and exposures during the fumigation of leguminous products against pests at high temperatures. Methods: analytical review on the subject of research, the current regulatory framework in the field of disinfection; analysis of biological features of insect pests of leguminous products; experimental – a variation of different concentrations of phosphine, duration of exposure and temperature to establish a synergy of fumigant with carbon dioxide in laboratory conditions with appropriate equipment; mathematical and statistical – using computer mathematical functions built into the Microsoft Excel program 2003. When fumigating gas mixtures against pests at the imago stage, the optimal concentration of carbon dioxide is in the range of 110-130 g/m3 (or 5.5-6.5% of the total air volume), regardless of the temperature indicator. While the optimal concentration of phosphine at low temperatures (21-22°C) is in the range of 0.57-0.82 g/m3 , at high temperatures – (31-32°C) – in the range of 0.21-0.36 g/m3 . With an increase in the duration of fumigation, not only the effectiveness of phosphine (standart) against the imago pests but also gas mixtures. In addition, the dependence of gas synergy on the duration of fumigation was established. Thus, at a temperature of 30°C, an increase in gas synergy in the mixture was observed by 4.4±0.66, 7.7±1.61, and 10.3±1.08% compared to the standard for exposure of 2, 4 and 6 hours, respectively. Temperature was the most determining factor influencing the value of the gas synergy index in the mixture of phosphine and carbon dioxide. Thus, an increase in temperature from 30°C to 32°C contributed to an increase in the gas synergy index by 9%, that is, by 2.17 times. Further establishment of lethal standards and fumigation regimes against pests, including quarantine ones, can prevent economic damage from these pests in Ukraine and will contribute to the implementation of the decisions of the Montreal Protocol aimed at protecting the environment and preventing the destruction of the ozone layer
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".