Tropical butterflies lose central nervous system function in the cold from a spreading depolarization event
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Insects are ectotherms and their physiological functions are therefore directly influenced by the environmental temperature. By extension, their ability to tolerate thermal extremes is directly linked to their thermal niche and distribution. Understanding the physiological mechanisms that limit insect thermal tolerance is therefore crucial for our ability to predict biogeography and range shifts. Recent studies on fruit flies and locusts suggest that the loss of coordinated movements at the critical thermal minimum is due to a loss of central nervous system function via a spreading depolarization. We hypothesized that a similar mechanism limits nervous function in other insect taxa. Here, we use electrophysiology to investigate whether the same spreading depolarization event occurs in the brain of butterflies exposed to stressful cold. Supporting our hypothesis, we find that exposure to stressful cold induced spreading depolarization in all species tested. This reinforces the idea that loss of central nervous function by a spreading depolarization is a common mechanism underlying the critical thermal minimum in insects. Furthermore, our results highlight how central nervous system performance is finely tuned to match species’ environments. Further research into the physiological mechanisms underlying the spreading depolarization event is likely to elucidate key mechanisms determining insect ecology.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".