Precision Phosphene Control Through Cutaneous Facial Electrical Stimulation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The application of weak pulsating electrical currents across the facial skin produces visual experiences called phosphenes. Through the precise control of the visuo-spatial orientation of phosphenes, information can be directly sent into the visual field as a means of visual guidance for the partially-blind. In a human trial (8 healthy individuals), the participants were asked to draw their visual percepts, while having eight select regions of their face electrically stimulated. The phosphene drawings were evaluated using various metrics such as sensitivity, specificity, and mass centroid. Out of the eight proposed stimulation sites, four stimulation sites (templar, left transorbital, left infraorbital, and transnasal configurations) produced the most reproducible phosphenes, with average sensitivity and specificity scores of 68.8% and 96.1% respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this was the first time that spatially resolved phosphenes were stimulated through cutaneous electrical stimulation, without any surgical intervention.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".