Measurement of CO2 Solubility and Swelling Factor in Water/Brine for CO2 Sequestration
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract CO2 dissolution in water/brine at various operating conditions is of essential interest for various environmental and geochemical applications such as CO2 sequestration in brine-bearing aquifers. Solubility/swelling in CO2-brine systems can be determined by experimental data or the available correlations and modelling packages. However, the available models and correlations can only be used in limited situations, and therefore, may not be applicable for a wide range of operating conditions, particularly for different salinities. In addition, the available solubility and swelling experimental data in the literature are limited as these experiments are very time consuming due to the slow nature of the diffusion process. Therefore, reliable experimental data is needed especially in the range of operating conditions suitable for CO2 storage scenarios. In this work, a high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) visual cell with a novel stirring mechanism was designed to accelerate the diffusion process at elevated pressures and temperatures. A series of swelling/solubility tests are carried out for a CO2–brine/water system at various equilibrium pressures ranging from ~ 3000 to ~ 12000 kPa and temperatures ranging from 35 to 55 °C and with different salinities. The process of CO2 dissolution results in a pressure decline and volume expansion (swelling) of the liquid phase over time. Swelling is measured by tracking the gas-liquid interface using a microscope camera and solubility is measured by monitoring the pressure and performing PVT analysis. In the absence of stirring, the CO2 dissolution takes a long time, however, the use of stirring expedites the dissolution process. Thermodynamically, we have an instantaneous equilibrium at the gas–liquid interface and the equilibrium concentration at the gas–liquid interface is the maximum concentration of dissolved gas (i.e., solubility) in the liquid. The diffusion which controls how quickly the gas dissolves in the liquid slows downs the overall process. The high-pressure stirring mechanism creates convection in the liquid and accelerates CO2 dissolution. The results also revealed that increasing the pressure, decreasing the temperature, and decreasing the brine salinity increases the swelling and solubility of CO2.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".