Centrifuge modelling of piled foundations in swelling clays
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A study aimed towards assessing the variation in shaft capacity of piled foundations in swelling clays is presented. At the clay's in-situ water content, the results of pull-out tests on short-length piles revealed no dependency of shaft capacity on overburden stress. Conversely, after achieving a targeted value of swell, a strong dependency on overburden stress was observed. In upper portions of the profile where swell can occur relatively freely, swell-induced softening results in a reduction in pile shaft capacity. However, at greater depths where swell is largely suppressed, so too are the effects of swell-induced softening. For this reason, shaft capacity at depth was found to remain relatively constant before and after swell. The results of an instrumented pile test revealed an overriding dependency of lateral induced swell pressure on the magnitude of heave which has occurred. Irrespective of the level of overburden stress, lateral pressures against the pile were found to increase at early stages of the swelling process, but then reduce as swell continued and softening began to occur. Such a result highlights the importance of carefully considering the level of swell at which shaft capacity should be assessed if a conservative design is to be obtained.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".