All‐Scalable CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>PbI<sub>3</sub> Perovskite Solar Cells Fabricated in Ambient Air
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are an attractive emerging photovoltaic technology due to their high‐performance while being made by low‐cost fabrication processes. The most efficient PSCs are small area and made by nonscalable coating method in an inert atmosphere, but these sizes and fabrication conditions are commercially irrelevant. Herein, fabrication of PSCs is reported using only scalable methods, that is, slot‐die coating and blade coating methods, all in ambient air. The tolerance to relaxed fabrication conditions is enabled by the use of hydrated nonhalogenated lead source. Resurfacing strategy is then introduced to suppress charge carrier nonradiative recombination and obtained an efficiency of 19.91% for rigid and 17.4% for flexible PSCs by all‐scalable fabrication. To the best of our knowledge, these are the highest efficiencies for n–i–p structured MAPbI 3 ‐based PSCs in ambient air using all‐scalable method to date. The devices showed excellent tolerance to oxygen and moisture (ISOS‐D‐1) as well as stable maximum power point operation following burn in a dry air glove box (relative humidity ≈ 20%) without encapsulation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".