Short-term exposure to near-future CO<sub>2</sub>has limited influence on the energetics and behaviour of young-of-year salmonids
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In many freshwater ecosystems, carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is increasing. Unknown are the risks that high CO 2 poses for freshwater organisms, especially fish. The objective of this study was to determine how CO 2 may influence the growth rate, metabolic rate, feeding rate, and volitional behaviour of young-of-year Arctic charr ( Salvelinus alpinus (Linnaeus, 1758)), brook charr ( Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill, 1814)), and rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792)). For this study, fish stayed in control (1100 microatmospheres (µatm)) or elevated (5236 µatm) CO 2 levels for 15 days. During this time, metabolic rate and behavioural tests were conducted on alternating days for each treatment. Weight and length of each fish were taken on days 0, 7, and 15. There was no evidence that elevated CO 2 affected the growth rate, feeding rate, or behaviour in any of these species. The standard metabolic rate in Arctic charr differed based on CO 2 exposure. Therefore, salmonids can withstand short periods of elevated CO 2 under these conditions. By comparing closely related species, the implications of this work are more ecologically relevant and will also help industry quantify the effects of high CO 2 on young salmonids.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".