Bibliographic record
Abstract
Luther on PrayerMunyengetero Mtata 1 uther's reflections on common, or communal prayer reveal a helpful way of describing Luther's thought process around the subject of prayer primarily from the perspective of his 1520 Treatise on Good Works.Along with this treatise, other writings by Luther are helpful in examining whether Luther's thoughts remained the same or they changed over time.If they changed, it is also helpful to explore which areas would have changed.The idea of good works was a hotly contested one, as Wengert indicates that the treatise was a product of Georg Spalatin's "strong encouragement" for Luther to address it.2 One would imagine that the war Luther waged against the sale of indulgences may have influenced the writing of this treatise about three years later.Besides, the indulgences would have provided false hope in addition to depriving the poor of the little money they had.This indeed may be viewed as an understanding of salvation through good works.Of course, from the Treatise on Good Works itself, there is little that explicitly suggests this view. Prayer in the Explanation of the Third Commandment in the Treatise on Good WorksThe concept of prayer that Luther raises in his explanation of the Third Commandment is given in the context of the Treatise on Good Works.In this treatise, Luther attempts to provide a new understanding of good works in a context where ". . .designated acts of religious devotion and charity . . .made up for sins committed by believers" were ". . .considered meritorious for salvation."3 Luther problematizes this thinking as he builds his argument on Augustine of Hippo who had maintained that any supposedly "good works" would be considered rather sinful if not founded on faith.4 Luther and his colleagues often shocked contemporaries by their approach to good works, especially the belief that they do not contribute anything to one's salvation.Further, they recognized that the Ten Commandments (the actual subject of this treatise) were only for worldly Christians while the "perfecti" (ones under a vow whose works were deemed higher) also followed the socalled "evangelical counsels."Unfortunately, this thinking was sometimes taken a bit to the extreme to mean that Christians were exempt "from obligation to perform any good works at all."However, Urbanus Rhegius, one of the evangelical preachers, is quoted by Wengert as saying "And if praying, fasting, holy days, and almsgiving are not required, then we will lie near the stove, warm our feet on its tiles, turn the roasting apples, open our mouths, and wait until grilled doves fly into them" 5 a statement which sarcastically reacted to this extreme view.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.041 | 0.006 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".