Bibliographic record
Abstract
THE ECONOMIC INTERRELATIONS between various parts of the world have been explored in countless texts; all manner of treatises have been produced on European expansion abroad; and many pertinent facets of Canadian history and political economy have been documented abundantly.But the job of putting the three elements together, of viewing the historical development of economic institutions and social relations in Canada in the context of the global spread of Eurocentric empires, has been tackled only marginally.It is in the hope of making a contribution in that direction that Canada in the European Age was written.This book is a narrative of events, great and small, tragic and comic, well-known and obscure, that make up the raw material of the five centuries of history it covers.It subscribes to a certain view of human society.It treats history as the unfolding of economic systems over time.It treats the history of European expansionism as a process by which social relations became increasingly commercialized, as a process by which the "market mechanism" flowed across geographic space at the same time it percolated through social space.It treats the history of contact between societies as a contest of unequals in which the weaker is all too often obliterated.It therefore treats the history of European penetration into "new" parts of the globe as an amalgam of destructive and constructive forces, the two being inextricably interrelated.Central to the story is the process euphemistically known as the "accumulation of capital", the building up of a stock of productive resources in such a form as to enable them to be mobilized for the pursuit of pecuniary gain.It is therefore a story of the assault by "entrepreneurs" on the physical environment, on the social fabric, and on their competitors, domestic and foreign.It is a story too of power, its accumulation and use for personal ends.For, contrary to the mythology of liberal societies, the "market mechanism" which in theory (though rarely in fact, and even in those rare instances only
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.587 | 0.429 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; the direct Gemma label and the distilled Codex classifier agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".