Effect of variable confining pressure on the long-term cyclic behaviour of calcareous sand: experimental observation and microstructural interpretation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Subgrade soils are exposed to simultaneous cyclic deviatoric stress and variable confining pressure (VCP) caused by traffic loading. However, the effect of VCP on cyclic behaviour is still debated and no attempt was made to investigate its effect on calcareous sand. In this study, high-cyclic triaxial tests with a wide range of mean effective stress, cyclic stress ratio ( ζ), and VCP amplitude were conducted to understand the effect VCP on the long-term cyclic behaviour of calcareous sand. The results demonstrate that VCP has a considerable effect on the accumulated axial strain ([Formula: see text]) and shakedown behaviour of calcareous sand, both of which depend greatly on the stress levels. At a low ζ, the effect of VCP on the [Formula: see text] and plastic shakedown behaviour is insignificant, where the application of VCP tends to slightly promote the [Formula: see text]. However, at a high ζ, [Formula: see text] decreases significantly with an increase in the VCP amplitude. For different ζ, the damping ratio increases and resilient modulus decreases significantly as VCP amplitude increases. Moreover, microscopic observations of pore size distribution were obtained through nuclear magnetic resonance tests, and were analysed to discover the microstructural mechanism highlighting how VCP affects cyclic behaviour.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".