Landlocked populations have small but detectable differences in ionoregulatory physiology compared to anadromous sea lamprey, <i>Petromyzon marinus</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Life histories of anadromous and landlocked sea lamprey are similar, though landlocked populations lack seawater (SW) exposure, likely experiencing relaxed selection on SW survival traits. This study investigated SW osmoregulation in juvenile sea lamprey from one anadromous and three landlocked populations from the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain. Juveniles in all populations had strongly elevated gill Na+/K+-ATPase activity compared to larvae, indicating all populations underwent osmoregulatory changes associated with metamorphosis. Survival in SW was high in anadromous sea lamprey (90%) and highly variable among landlocked populations (40%–100%). Plasma ions’ levels were higher and hematocrit was lower after SW exposure in landlocked compared to anadromous sea lamprey. Freshwater (FW) gill ion transporter (H+-ATPase; Na+:Cl− cotransporter) mRNA levels were higher in FW and remained high after SW exposure in landlocked relative to anadromous juveniles. Landlocked lamprey had 24%–33% higher gill Na+:K+:2Cl− cotransporter abundance after SW exposure compared to anadromous lamprey. Our results indicate ionoregulatory differences that are consistent with relaxed selection on traits for SW entry and positive selection on FW traits in landlocked populations, suggestive of a recent Great Lakes invasion.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".