Women’s Inclusion and Participation in Municipal Elections: Historical Evidence from Eligible Voters Lists
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Historians and social scientists have long been interested in patterns of women’s inclusion and participation in the years that followed enfranchisement. Municipal elections—an important part of the larger history of women’s enfranchisement and electoral participation—have generally been neglected in this research. In this research note, we show how samples from lists of eligible voters in Canadian city elections can serve as a valuable data source for understanding patterns of inclusion and participation among Canadian women. Using the cases of Calgary, Edmonton, and Vancouver, we demonstrate that processes of inclusion followed markedly different trajectories in each city in the early twentieth century, with very slow inclusion in Vancouver and more rapid inclusion in Calgary and Edmonton. We also provide evidence for a 2% gender gap in turnout in Calgary during the city’s early post-enfranchisement decades. This analysis illustrates the value of widely available voters lists for research on women’s democratic inclusion.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".