Intraseasonal waning immunity of seasonal influenza vaccine – A systematic review and meta-analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Recently, studies have suggested that influenza antibody titers decline with time since vaccination. Duration of vaccine protection is an important factor to determine the optimal timing of vaccination. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to systematically evaluate the implication of waning immunity on the duration of seasonal influenza vaccine antibody response. METHOD: Electronic databases and clinical trial registries were systematically searched to identify phase III/IV randomized clinical trials evaluating the immunogenicity of seasonal influenza vaccines measured by hemagglutination inhibition assay in healthy individuals six months of age and older. Meta-analyses were conducted to compare adjuvanted and standard influenza vaccine responses with time since vaccination. RESULTS: 1918 articles were identified, of which ten were included in qualitative synthesis and seven in quantitative analysis (children; n=3, older adults; n=4). All studies were deemed to be at low risk of bias, except one study deemed at high risk of bias due to missing outcome data. The majority of included studies found a rise in antibody titers at one-month followed by a decline at six-month post-vaccination. At six-months post-vaccination overall risk differences in seroprotection were significantly higher for children vaccinated with adjuvanted compared to standard vaccines (0.29; 95 % confidence interval (CI), 0.14-0.44). A small increase in seroprotection levels was observed among older adults vaccinated with an adjuvanted compared to standard vaccines, which remained constant over six-months (pre-vaccination: 0.03; 95 % CI, 0.00-0.09 and one- and six-months post-vaccination: 0.05; 95 % CI, 0.01-0.09). CONCLUSIONS: Our results found evidence of persistent antibody responses following influenza vaccination over the course of a typical influenza season. Even if influenza vaccine responses wane over a six-month period, vaccination likely still provides a significant advantage in protection, which may be enhanced with adjuvanted vaccines, particularly in children. Further research is needed to identify the exact timing when the decline in antibody response begins to better inform the optimal timing of influenza vaccination programs. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO (CRD42019138585).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.018 | 0.043 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.020 | 0.040 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.009 | 0.009 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".