Investigating ADHD and ASD features in dementia patients referred to a memory clinic in Iran
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background Dementia is a clinical syndrome characterized by a progressive cognitive decline interfering with the function of activity of daily living in patients (1). Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are two prevalent neurodevelopmental disorders affecting different brain functions manifesting mostly with impaired communication and behavior (3). These disorders initiate in childhood but usually persist into adulthood (3, 4). These disorders might overlap with dementia symptoms, as they might share common genetic and environmental backgrounds (5‐7). ASD and ADHD in dementia patients may complicate the timely diagnosis of each disorder leading to more pronounced dysfunction. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate ASD and ADHD symptoms in dementia patients referred to a memory clinic in Iran. Method We recruited 65 dementia patients in this study. Firstly, a cognitive neurologist diagnosed dementia’s subtypes by a precise clinical examination, cognitive assessment by applying the Montreal cognitive Assessment (MoCA). The severity of dementia was determined using the Functional Assessment Staging Tool (FAST). Consequently, we instructed the participants to fill out the autism quotient (AQ) and the Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scales (CAARS) questionnaires for investigating their ASD and ADHD symptoms. Result Considering the cut‐off points of AQ and CAARS questionnaires, 18.5% of participants were diagnosed with ASD, and 35.4% were diagnosed with ADHD. Besides, we found a significant positive relationship between all subscales of CAARS and the FAST score (P < 0.05). In other words, patients with more severe dementia were more likely to have increased ADHD symptoms. Conclusion The results indicated that ADHD and ASD symptoms might be common manifestations in patients with dementia. This finding was in line with the previous research findings regarding the high co‐occurrence of ADHD and dementia (8). This comorbidity can further prohibit function and further worsen the prognosis. Given that there is scarce evidence on the association between ADHD and dementia in Iran, the findings of this study can pave the way for future research to elaborate more precisely on the etiological backgrounds of this association.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".