Evonik P25 photoactivation in the visible range by surface grafting of modified porphyrins for p-nitrophenol elimination in water
Bibliographic record
Abstract
<abstract> <p>An Evonik P25 TiO<sub>2</sub> material is modified using a porphyrin containing Si-(OR)<sub>3</sub> extremities to extend its absorption spectrum in the visible range. Two different loadings of porphyrin are grafted at the surface of P25. The results show that the crystallinity and the texture of the P25 are not modified with the porphyrin grafting and the presence of the latter is confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) measurements. All three samples are composed of anatase/rutile titania nanoparticles around 20 nm in size with a spherical shape. The absorption spectra of the porphyrin modified samples show visible absorption alongside the characteristic Soret and Q bands of porphyrin, despite slightly shifted peak values. The <sup>29</sup>Si solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra show that the porphyrin is linked with Ti–O–C and Ti–O–Si bonds with the Evonik P25, allowing for a direct electron transfer between the two materials. Finally, the photoactivity of the materials is assessed on the degradation of a model pollutant—<italic>p</italic>-nitrophenol (PNP)—in water. The degradation is substantially enhanced when the porphyrin is grafted at its surface, whereas a very low activity is evidenced for P25. Indeed, with the best sample, the activity increases from 9% to 38% under visible light illumination. This improvement is due to the activation of the porphyrin under visible light that produces electrons, which are then transferred to the TiO<sub>2</sub> to generate radicals able to degrade organic pollutants. The observed degradation is confirmed to be a mineralization of the PNP. Recycling experiments show a constant PNP degradation after 5 cycles of photocatalysis of 24 h each.</p> </abstract>
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".