Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Geyser and volcano monitoring suffer from temporal, geographic, and instrumental biases. We present a recording bias identified through multiyear monitoring of Steamboat Geyser in Yellowstone National Park, USA. Eruptions of Steamboat are the tallest of any geyser in the world and they produce broadband signals at two nearby stations in the Yellowstone National Park Seismograph Network. In winter, we observe lower eruption signal amplitudes at these seismometers. Instead of a source effect, we find that environmental conditions affect the recorded signals. Lower amplitudes for 23–45 Hz frequencies are correlated with greater snow depths at the station 340 m away from Steamboat, and we calculate an energy attenuation coefficient of 0.21 ± 0.01 dB per cm of snow. More long‐term monitoring is needed at geysers to track changes over time and identify recording biases that may be missed during short, sporadic studies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.015 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".