Developing a Wide-Angle Velocity Probe for Characterizing Tornado Wind Field
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study focuses on designing and calibrating a proof-of-concept low-cost velocity probe capable of characterizing complex turbulent flow fields, such as tornadic vortices, acting at a wide range of angles of attack. In the first part of the study, a spherical probe was 3D printed and instrumented in-house. The probe was designed with 16 holes allowing for 140° range of measurement. Experimental tests were conducted in Ryerson University Wind Tunnel. A mathematical model was developed to account for different angles of attack, including flow impingement between the holes. The probe could predict mean velocities, flow direction and turbulence intensities with average errors of 8%, 9° and 0.6% respectively. In the second part, a revision to the probe design was applied by considering a chamfered version with 16 polyhedral faces. The revised probe was investigated using Computation Fluid Dynamics (CFD) employing Large Eddy Simulation (LES) modeling. The revised probe showed an overall 50% increase in the accuracy compared with the spherical shape, which brought probe accuracy to the acceptable levels suitable for wind engineering applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".