Klaus Willmann, Screams of the Drowning. From the Eastern Front to the Sinking of the Wilhelm Gustloff by Michael Razer
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Northern Mariner / Le marin du nord the construction of a dizzying maze of tunnels and caves which honeycombed key positions on the island.The underground defensive works offered Japanese troops a good measure of protection from American bombardment and were mutually supporting in case one position came under attack.The new Japanese tactics came as a complete surprise to senior American officers at Peleliu, and as their men became mired down in rugged terrain on the island's central highlands, they had few fresh ideas.Major General William Rupertus, commander of the 1 st Marine Division, insisted on aggressive direct attacks into the Japanese stronghold, with predictable results.Rupertus persisted under the notion that Japanese defenses would collapse under repeated attacks and had no idea how to adapt to changing enemy tactics.Largely due to a lack of tactical flexibility in the senior command, Marine infantry suffered ghastly casualties.Not until October would American commanders fully understand that the Japanese were waging a grim battle of attrition and change their own approach accordingly.Increasingly, infantry attacks would rely heavily on overwhelming firepower including armour, artillery, and close air support.This measured, combined-arms approach finally reduced the island's Japanese garrison, and likewise reduced the numbers of American casualties.Author Wheelan pens a riveting account of one of the Pacific Theatre's least understood battles.His research relies heavily on primary sources including official correspondence, after-action reports, and Japanese records; the text likewise includes numerous veterans' descriptions of the horrific fighting of the two-month-long battle.Bitter Peleliu consequently contains a judicious mix of scholarly analysis and riveting combat accounts.As such, Wheelan's book will appeal to seasoned students of the Second World War as well as casual readers with an interest in military history.Although further research on the battle is undoubtedly in order, Bitter Peleliu constitutes a worthy contribution to the historiography of the epic war in the Pacific.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.045 | 0.021 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".