Bill 21 ‘An Act Respecting the Laicity of the State:’ A critical discourse analysis problematizing the religious dress ban and its impacts on Québec’s social fabric
Bibliographic record
Abstract
[Para. 1 of Introduction] On October 1st, 2018, Coalition Avenir Québec (CAQ) won the elections in Québec, Canada. The province’s centre-right to right-wing nationalist and autonomist political party led by businessman François Legault had prioritized as part of their electoral platform the secularization of Québécois institutions. On June 17, 2019, the CAQ fulfilled their electoral promise by adopting Bill 21 An Act respecting the Laicity of the State sponsored by Simon Jolin-Barrette, the Minister of Immigration, Francisation and Integration. The first secular legislation in Canada prohibits individuals in positions of public authority from wearing religious symbols while on duty. It affects all new public-sector hires including but not limited to, peace officers, judges, teachers, public servants, lawyers, and notaries. The decision to secularize Québec’s institutions is far from unanimous. Bill 21 has led to significant polarizations within the province and Canada.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.012 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.032 | 0.027 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.012 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.005 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".