Bibliographic record
Abstract
Global symmetries that define the number of low-energy degrees of freedom have profound consequences on universal properties near topological quantum critical points and in other gapless or nearly gapless states of emergent fermions. We take a ${Z}_{2}$ global symmetry (such as time-reversal) as an example to study its effect on thermodynamic and transport properties. Although the thermal entropy density of ${Z}_{2}$ symmetric systems is simply twice that of their counterparts without any global symmetries or the ${Z}_{1}$ class, the temperature dependence of thermal conductivity $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ is distinctly and drastically different for different symmetries. For systems with dynamic exponent $z=1$, in the ${Z}_{2}$ symmetric class, we have $\ensuremath{\kappa}\ensuremath{\propto}{T}^{\ensuremath{-}(d\ensuremath{-}1)}$ in the quantum critical regime near weakly interacting fixed points, while for systems with no global symmetries (i.e., the ${Z}_{1}$ class), we have $\ensuremath{\kappa}\ensuremath{\propto}{T}^{\ensuremath{-}(d+3)}$, with $d$ being the spatial dimension. Only near strong-coupling fixed points, both cases with or without ${Z}_{2}$ global symmetries follow the same scaling function, $\ensuremath{\kappa}\ensuremath{\propto}{T}^{d\ensuremath{-}1}$. These distinct scalings of thermal conductivity can also appear in gapless surface Majorana states.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".