Taming Zn Electrochemistry with Carbon Nitride: Atomically Gradient Interphase for Highly Reversible Aqueous Zn Batteries
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The irreversibility issuesof metallic zinc (Zn) anode of low Coulombic efficiency, persistent parasitic reactions, and severe dendrite growth remain a fundamental, century‐old challenge hindering the practical applications in rechargeable aqueous batteries. Herein, a promising atomically gradient solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) strategy is demmonstrated, in which the bottom sublayer of atomic Cu dispersed carbon nitride tightly anchors the whole SEI layer onto Zn anode, whereas the top carbon nitride uniformizes Zn 2+ flux, facilitates Zn 2+ diffusion, and detaches the reactive water molecules. Theoretical simulations and structural analysis confirm the strong interactions of this SEI with Zn 2+ ions that launch an ion‐sieving effect to enable single Zn 2+ ion conduction, and the porous and stiff feature accommodates the deposition stress and volume change under plating/stripping, ensuring consistent conformal contact on the substrate meanwhile suppressing the generation of Zn protuberant tips. Representative X‐ray computed tomography study demonstrates the failure mode of the Zn anodes under aqueous electrolyte and verifies the homogeneous Zn electrodeposition behavior and spatially compact metallic structure in the presence of this hydrophobic‐zincophilic SEI. Consequently, dendrite‐free Zn plating/stripping at ≈99.2% Coulombic efficiency for 200 cycles, steady charge–discharge for 2000 h, and impressive full cell cyclability are achieved.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".