The Münster cluster-jet target for the future PANDA experiment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
For high precision storage ring experiments as the future P̅ANDA experiment, very sophisticated internal targets have to be used. For this purpose, a state-of-the-art cluster-jet target was developed at the University Münster. Basically, hydrogen is cooled to cryogenic temperatures and pressed through a specially shaped Laval nozzle to form a cluster-jet expanding into vacuum. Due to the stability and large mass of the clusters, a practically undisturbed flight path in vacuum of above 5 m is possible, leading to manifold possible applications, including the interaction with a storage ring beam at a distance of 2.25 m as desired for the P̅ANDA experiment. With a first prototype target, the “proof-of-principle” was delivered, and after first improvements the world record in target thickness in such large distance to the nozzle was measured. Based on this work, the final P̅ANDA cluster-jet target was developed and built up, and is presented in this article.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".