Palynology of Permian red-bed successions of Colorado and Wyoming and its influence on Laramide strata
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT The first reported Permian (Kungurian to Roadian) palynomorphs are described from Colorado, recovered from bedded gypsum and rare organic-rich shale intercalated in the red siltstone-dominated Lykins and State Bridge Formations. Surprisingly, these units generally lack the taeniate, saccate pollen that typifies most Permian continental rocks elsewhere, yet they contain abundant terrestrially derived palynomacerals, a low-diversity suite of sphaeromorph and acanthomorph acritarchs, and extremely rare non-taeniate, bissacate pollen grains. Acritarchs, known from one stratigraphic interval, are well-preserved and interpreted to represent autochthonous deposition during a marine incursion into the depocenter. This interpretation is consistent with their occurrence in a gray mudstone that is mantled by a mollusk-dominated coquina that bears conodonts, palaeoniscoid scales, and actinopterygian teeth. In contrast, most studied samples are dominated by wood fragments, charcoal, cuticles, and unidentified phytoclasts—all interpreted to represent dispersed plant cuticle and wood of continental origin. Fossils occur in black paper shale, gray fetid calcareous siltstone, and rhythmically bedded gypsum that is closely associated with thin limestone. Palynofacies analyses suggest that non-acritarch palynomacerals were deposited in dysoxic to anoxic waters that received minimal suspended terrigenous input. When combined with sedimentologic information, these non-acritarch fossils are hypothesized to have been deposited in shallow epicontinental lake-like settings that were periodically alkaline, hypersaline, and/or emergent.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".