The dynamic relationship between military expenditure, environmental pollution, and economic growth in G7 countries: A wavelet analysis approach
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study applies wavelet analysis to examine the interplay between treadmill of destruction theory and environmental Kuznets curve theory in G7 countries over the period 1970–2018. The results indicate that, in the short term, co-movement and causality exist between military expenditure and environmental pollution at different frequencies and times. Positive causality runs from military expenditure to environmental pollution in Italy, the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, and Germany in different sub-periods. After adding economic growth as a control variable, positive causality runs from military expenditure to environmental pollution in Italy, the United Kingdom, Japan, the United States, Canada, and France in different sub-periods. Decision-makers can refer to the empirical results to consider the direction of policy and managerial implications at macroeconomic and microeconomic levels.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it